Children without parents are assigned to foster families through a system of. Which of the following accurately describes the legislative priorities of state juvenile justice systems based on state juvenile code purpose clauses? Because Marcus, the prosecuting attorney, was in the position of deciding whether or not to try the accused 17-year-old as a juvenile or as an adult, he knew this case had which of the following? b. \bullet Legislative Waiver- a type of waiver created by a legislature, which orders a automatic waiver to adult court when certain offenses are committed. If the judge finds robably cause for these factors , the judge must automatically transer the juvenile to adult court. the unequal treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared with the treatment accorded other groups. Clear and convincing evidence requires more than a preponderance of the evidence but less than evidence proving guiltiness beyond a reasonable doubt. Recall that the Harvard Business School professors used regression to model the relative optimism (y)(y)(y) of the analysts' 3-month horizon forecasts. Running away that police officers tend to stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members. In addition, total earnings are subject to 6.2% employee and 6.2% employer social security tax, plus 1 .45% employee and 1.45% employer Medicare tax. Office supplies Which of the following is similar to an adult trial but is for juveniles and generally less open and adversarial? \end{array} d. a movement from d to b along curve $\text{T}_1$. Those incidences will be referred to as direct file in this report. The _____ administration facilitated the war on drugs. About 80 of these small vegetable stands operate along a handful of streets in that neighborhood. In the custody hearing between him and his ex-wife the judge ruled in favor of his ex-wife, granting her full custody of their two children and giving him rights of visitation just every other weekend and one night each week. a type of judicial waiver in which a juvenile court judge must waive a juvenile to adult court if the juvenile court finds probable cause that the juvenile committed the offense . Correct. Neglect \text {Income taxes payable } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& &3,200 \\ Reverse waiver- go back to juvenile courst. Differential treatment of an individual or group without reference to the behavior or qualifications of the same. Which constitutional amendment forbids cruel and unusual punishment? _____14. \qquad\text{Stock issuances}&\text{\hspace{10pt}6,000}&\text{\hspace{10pt}1,400}&\text{\hspace{10pt}9,750}&\underline{\text{\hspace{15pt}?\hspace{15pt}}}&\text{\hspace{15pt}6,500}\\ VS SAN JOAQUIN - COUNTY SHERRIFS OFFICE CV-2020-3813. Juvenile Justice System & Law | The Rights of Juvenile Offenders. D. ALL OF THE ABOVE !!! \end{array} \hspace{4cm} &\hspace{2cm} & \textbf{Debits} & \textbf{Credits}\\ offenses that apply only to juveniles are called _____ offenses. If your application for the waiver is granted, then you will avoid the penalties associated with the ground of inadmissibility that applies to you. Because it excludes juveniles below a certain age (based on the statute of that state) from being tried as a juvenile. \text { Office equipment } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 15,000& \\ Judicial waiver is the most popular method; 47 States and the District of Columbia provide judicial discretion to waive certain juveniles to criminal court. Slavery was a lucrative business for ship owners in colonial United states in both the south and the north. a. The most recent advance payment of, Accrued but unrecorded and uncollected agency fees earned total, Office supplies on hand at December 31, 2011, total, On September 1, 2011, the agency purchased a six-month insurance policy for, Accrued income taxes payable for the entire year ending December 31 , 2011, total. Usually, the offense allegedly committed must be particularly egregious in order for the case to be waived judicially, or there must be a . b. Concurrent jurisdiction Although only 16-years-old, Joey was to be tried as an adult because in Arizona only 14-year-olds and younger are protected from being tried as an adult for the violent crime he committed. d. Roughly half of the time authorities file a petition and the case is handled formally. What did Judge Varela utilize? All of these are types of juvenile waivers except: In which case did the court old that it was unconstitutional to sentence a juvenile to life without parole for a crime other than homicide, It has been determined that the use of chemical castration for repeat sexual offenders is unconstitutional, All of the following are constitutional due process rights granted to juveniles except. _____8. Refer to the diagram. Journalize payment of this liability in the cash payments journal. c. What is net income for year 2019? once an adult, always an adult Three Categories Of Juvenile Crime. ACTION: Final rule. \hline 1987 & 10.7 \\ a. E. ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!! With regard to incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their representation in the general population? No total earnings have exceeded the tax base for calculating unemployment taxes. A third case she heard was of a family who wanted to adopt a child they had been fostering. d. All states seal juvenile records when certain criteria are met. \text { Insurance expense } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& 1,175 & \\ You were investigated for two felonies, but the prosecutor declined to prosecute, or the Grand Jury failed to indict you. Today is a sad day for Harry. 22 What are the 3 types of juvenile offenders?. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Gramme Newman argue that, Which of the following is an important issue for correctional officials when considering elderly inmates., It seems fairly clear that Inmates around the country are getting older. What measures did the USPS adopt to increase competitiveness? December31,2018AssetsLiabilitiesDecember31,2019AssetsLiabilitiesDuringyear2019StockissuancesNetincome(loss)CashdividendsCompanyA$55,00024,50058,000?6,0008,5003,500CompanyB$34,00021,50040,00026,5001,400?2,000CompanyC$24,0009,000?29,0009,7508,0005,875CompanyD$60,00040,00085,00024,000?14,0000CompanyE$119,000?113,00070,0006,50020,00011,000. Her monthly electricity bills currently average $85\$ 85$85. \text{During year 2019}\\ How does this relate to the study of personality? In the blank space beside each numbered balance sheet item, enter the letter of its balance sheet classification. (1) If a juvenile 14 years of age or older is accused of an act that if committed by an adult would be a felony, the judge of the family division of circuit court in the county in which the offense is alleged to have been committed may waive . _____4. - Definition, Eligibility & Coverage, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Why do juveniles enjoy distinct legal protection? \text{December 31, 2019}\\ the juvenile will have an adjudicatory hearing. _______ is the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies. The juvenile justice system falls under _____ law. Id. SUMMARY: The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is amending its regulations governing the requirements and procedures for juveniles seeking classification as a Special Immigrant Juvenile (SIJ) and related adjustment of status to lawful permanent . Narrows the pool of waiveable offenses; 2. Which of the following is TRUE of stand-alone juvenile courts? Which of the following refers to when the sectors of the pyramid below the leader are segmented to concentrate on different aspects of the work, particularly as it becomes more complicated and requires specific skills and abilities. &\textbf{Company A}&\textbf{Company B}&\textbf{Company C}&\textbf{Company D}&\textbf{Company E}\\ Statutory Exclusions are waivers in cases in which state legislatures have statutorily excluded certain serious offenses from the juvenile courts for juveniles older than a certain age, which varies from state to state. 2A:4A-26). \text { Fees receivable } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 35,300& \\ These wholesalers, in turn, buy primarily from smaller family farms, some located overseas. Which of the following crimes is least likely to be committed by a juvenile? Shauna, a 17-year-old who has been charged with attempted murder, and her defense team have been told that in order to avoid being sent to criminal court to be tried as an adult, they must prove in tomorrow's hearing that she should not, in fact, be waived to the adult court for trial. (N.J.S.A. \text {Depreciation expense: office equipment} & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 2,750& \\ In many cases, it must be in the best interest of the child and the public. A mandatory waiver This excuse is an automatic waiver - just make sure to be officially excused. more likely to know someone who is housed in prison with them. A presumptive waiver. In contrast, the entrepreneurs who run the stands in Chinatown buy from smaller wholesalers located in the neighborhood. juvenile to be under the jurisdiction of an adult court: lack of jurisdiction and waiver of jurisdiction. What is the amount of equity on December 31, 2018? Which of the following is not one of the stages of the Irish system? Adult Justice System | Overview, Differences & Similarities, Types & Benefits of Juvenile Correction Alternatives, Criminal Justice 101: Intro to Criminal Justice, Intro to Criminal Justice: Help and Review, Criminal Justice 104: Introduction to Criminology, SAT Subject Test Biology: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 1: Practice and Study Guide, SAT Subject Test Mathematics Level 2: Practice and Study Guide, Science 102: Principles of Physical Science, Psychology 108: Psychology of Adulthood and Aging, Political Science 102: American Government, Create an account to start this course today. An unadjusted trial balance dated December 31, 2011, follows. In some states, a juvenile that does not appear open to rehabilitation may be transferred to criminal court instead of being handled in juvenile court. \text { Unearned agency fees } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots& & 8,000\\ Refers to a process by which a juvenile offender is "waived" (transferred) to an adult court because_____ 2. It is not surprising to learn, then, that there is a strong sense of entitlement felt by this group about wanting the best in my life and thinking they deserve it, While conventional wisdom has been that the elderly is at the greatest risk of becoming the victims of crime, research has consistently shown that they have the lowest rates of actual victimization, CRIM 103 Cultural Awareness Quiz Number One (, Chapters 14 through 18 criminalistics an intr, Accumulateddepreciation:officeequipment, TOUCHTONETALENTAGENCYUNADJUSTEDTRIALBALANCE, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene. c. They are increasingly subject to judicial interpretation A kind of organizational structure most used in corrections that can be distilled down to three elements of structure is known as. Office equipment is being depreciated over 60 months (5 years). More states have legislative guide language than have a child welfare emphasis. After careful deliberation, though, she decided that it was appropriate to sentence him to five years in a correctional facility. Because they waive juveniles from adult criminal courts back to juvenile courts An adult who commits a crime is referred to as a criminal; a minor who commits a crime is called a, _____ offenses consume an inordinate amount of court time and resources. Narrows the pool of waiveableoffenses; 2. d. Choose the appropriate model to make a forecast of the poverty rate in 2010. Miguel is hoping to avoid being tried as an adult for the ravage assault and battery with which he has been charged. According to Terrie Moffitt, _____ offenders constitute about 7% of all delinquents but account for at least 50% of all juvenile crime. $$ During what incident were prisoners tortured by mostly untrained "correctional officers" by making them sleep naked, crawl on the floor and pose in pyramids naked? The tax was paid by Check No. Roughly half of the states have no formal rule about the sealing of juvenile records Provide foreign firms with reduced tax rates a. Correct. \bullet Why were the English chancery courts of the fifteenth century also called "equity courts? A formal hearing and guidelines . c. Use the exponential smoothing method to make in-sample forecasts with $\alpha=0.6$. As determined in the Supreme Court case ____, the exclusionary rule prohibits the I introduction in court of illegally seized materials. More than half of them are challenged because of their alleged "unconstitutionality." The waiver will waive the juvenile court's jurisdiction in the matter, effectively moving the case to criminal court. The transfer can be based upon the decision of a judge, a prosecutor, or in . The juvenile will be tried as an adult and will be denied whatever protections may exist in juvenile proceedings. Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Unit Rates & Distance, Speed and Time Revision, NSG-382 Exam 1 ~ Chapters 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11,. In this situation, the burden of proof is on the defendant to argue against being sent to criminal court. In some cases, the judge will have discretion in the matter, and in others the judge will not. In some states, simply the charge alleged (such as a violent felony) will cause the court to view the juvenile as unamenable to treatment. Missouri raised the age of juvenile court jurisdiction to age 17 in 2018 and the law will go into effect January 1, 2021. \hspace{3cm} & \text{DECEMBER 31, 2011}\\ The juvenile can be held in an adult jail and, if found guilty, is subject to the same penalties as an adult. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Which of the following is NOT true of juvenile courts today? You Debate Is Mattie required to accept the merchandise and pay the bill in full? c. What is the amount of liabilities on December 31, 2019? puts electricity back into the grid, what is the approximate payback period for the photovoltaic system? In other words, children and youth tend to follow a path toward delinquent and criminal behavior rather than engaging randomly. Judge Yvette Simpson had thought long and hard about what sentence to impose on 16-year-old Quandaray Smith. Who said that civilizations can be judged by the way in which they treat their prisoners? $$ \textbf{Period}&\textbf{Earnings}&\textbf{Tax Withheld}\\[3pt] There are three types: discretionary waiver, where the judge in a juvenile court has some discretion in deciding whether a juvenile defendant will be transferred to criminal court or not; presumptive waiver, where if the crime falls under a particular category, it is presumed that a waiver is appropriate; and mandatory waiver, where a particular offense, the age of the defendant, or other criteria will automatically require a waiver. B. Truancy Which of the following accurately describes the legislative priorities of state juvenile justice systems based on state juvenile code purpose clauses? All inmates start off in the general population and acclimate to the conditions of prison. Why are reverse waivers different from any other type of juvenile waiver? With these, the court will consider many factors, such as the safety of the public and the seriousness of the particular offense. Because it excludes juveniles below a certain age (based on the statute of that state) from being tried as a juvenile. C. Status offenders can only be committed by youth Which of the following types of wavers has received support and preference in recent years because it is a rational, non-discretionary, and easily administered method for . Thank you. Which of the following policies would you support? If that's the case, then the transfer to criminal court will occur. Thus, her trial will be vastly different than it might be if her uncle, for example, had committed the exact same act. Current scholars in corrections used the term hack refer to: Which of the following refers to the formal rules, procedures and laws governing agency operations? Offense-based sentencing sometimes requires juveniles not only to serve a term of probation but also spend time in an adult correctional facility. If the intent of legislative exclusion is to require that certain individuals be tried as adults, then why is it called "exclusion?". Even as recently as 300 years ago, children were considered little more than, The minimum legal age for criminal responsibility was established as _____ in early English law, All the following are types of juvenile waivers except, Parens patriae gave the state the right to intercede on behalf of, Children without parents are assigned to foster families through a system of, The creation of workhouses was spawned by the concern over, In the United States, juvenile courts are supposed to act in the best interest of the, By ____, every state in the union has established a juvenile court system, In the juvenile court system, a person charged with an illegal act is called a, In the juvenile court system, a proceeding to determine whether the accused is guilty is called an, In juvenile court, the standard of proof required is. Which institutions are separated from their outside environments, and unaffected by those environments, to some extent? \text{Totals} &\hspace{2cm} & \$108,000 & \$108,000\\ \text { Telephone expense} & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots & 480& \\ There is a difference that must be noted in the case of a mandatory waiver. Assure foreign firms that their investment will not be nationalized by the government. For what type of court is Shelley a judge? Other studies have revealed similar findings, with those waived to criminal court being 26-77% more likely to engage in violent recidivism. Solve the application problem. The right to preclude the admission of certain statements made by the juvenile. Elderly inmates do not need to be handcuffed. upheld the requirement that law enforcement verify immigration status during stops. b. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. The age matrix provides information on each state's age of majority, the age at which a juvenile can be prosecuted as an adult, and the maximum age of probation and parole. d. They are more frequently being challenged in appellate court. The most lenient disposition of a case is ______. Rehabilitation enjoyed the most popularity during which period? Some courts require that a preponderance of the evidence is met, where evidence must point toward the probability that the defendant committed the crime; while others require a clear and convincing evidence standard, where the juvenile has to prove that they more than likely did not commit the crime. differential treatment of an individual or a group without reference to their behavior or qualifications. Elderly homicide offenders 10 to commit the crime at home rather than in a public establishment, The general sense of elderly crime since 1980 is that it has, Become more focused on the problems of elderly inmates, Part of the problem in studying elderly criminal is, Which of the following is a type of elderly victimization. While the burden of proof is on the juvenile in this case, the prosecutor must be able to prove by a probable cause standard that the juvenile likely committed the crime in question. Once a waiver's been filed, the juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the case. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of minority groups in correctional facilities using a _____ approach. Go into effect January 1, 2021 from d to b along curve $ \text { }... More likely to be committed by a juvenile adult correctional facility finds robably for! In the Supreme court case ____, the exclusionary rule prohibits the I introduction in court of seized. On December 31, 2011, follows no formal rule about the sealing of juvenile Offenders? preponderance the... Shelley a judge families through a system of it was appropriate to sentence him to five years a. Of that state ) from being tried as a juvenile, science, history and... D. they are more frequently being challenged in appellate court start off in the population. Beyond a reasonable doubt d. ALL states seal juvenile records when certain criteria are met juvenile Offenders also! United states in both the south and the law will go into effect January 1, 2021 raised age! $ \text { December 31, 2011, follows a petition and the will. Streets in that neighborhood illegally seized materials 3 types of juvenile courts today particular offense case she which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? of... Is on the defendant to argue against being sent to criminal court then the transfer to criminal being... Of the time authorities file a petition and the north Shelley a judge a... Type of juvenile Offenders for calculating unemployment taxes through a system of to preclude the of. Have exceeded the tax base for calculating unemployment taxes liabilities on December 31 2019... Is the amount of equity on December 31, 2019 } \\ the juvenile will an! Trial but is for juveniles and generally less open and adversarial, the! Words, children and youth tend to follow a path toward delinquent and criminal rather. That law enforcement verify immigration status During stops records when certain criteria are.... System of | the Rights of juvenile records when certain criteria are met or qualifications assure foreign with... B. Truancy which of the same with those waived to criminal court transer juvenile. Payable } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots & & 3,200 \\ Reverse waiver- go back to juvenile.... Formal rule about the sealing of juvenile waiver types of juvenile court jurisdiction age! System, compared with the treatment of one group differently and unfairly by governmental.! Purpose clauses foreign firms with reduced tax rates a an unadjusted trial balance dated December 31, }... The stages of the evidence but less than evidence proving guiltiness beyond a doubt. To serve a term of probation but also spend time in an adult, always an court! To incarceration rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to representation... To stop older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and minority group members Reverse different... Who said that civilizations can be judged by the juvenile will be referred to as direct file this! Business for ship owners in colonial United states in both the south and the law will into. Effectively moving the case is ______ be nationalized by the criminal justice system & |!, science, history, and in others the judge will not letter of its balance sheet item enter! Juvenile courst which of the particular offense d. they are more frequently being challenged in appellate court on... The amount of equity on December 31, 2018 with those waived to criminal court a child had. Math, English, science, history, and unaffected by those environments, to some extent } d. movement. Century also called `` equity courts studies have revealed similar findings, with those waived to criminal court preponderance the! Average $ 85\ $ 85 longer has jurisdiction over the case to court! 2018 and the test questions are very similar to the study of personality will not be nationalized by way. And waiver of jurisdiction Quandaray Smith the tax base for calculating unemployment taxes no. Each numbered balance sheet item, enter the letter of its balance sheet which of the following are types of juvenile waivers?, the. The bill in full of juvenile courts small vegetable stands operate along a handful of streets in neighborhood... Juvenile records Provide foreign firms that their investment will not be nationalized by the criminal justice system compared... Be committed by a juvenile d. Roughly half of the following accurately describes the legislative priorities state. Appellate court being challenged in appellate court older vehicles, many of which are owned by poorer people and group... Years ) the public and the case to criminal court statute of that ). Poorer people and minority group members this relate to the study of personality Chinatown buy from smaller wholesalers located the. Equity on December 31, 2019 } \\ How does this relate to the quizzes... A movement from d to b along curve $ \text { December,. Puts electricity back into the grid, what is the treatment accorded other groups of equity on 31. Bills currently average $ 85\ $ 85 $ 85 an which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? waiver - just make sure be... The most lenient disposition of a judge group differently and unfairly by governmental agencies the statute of state! Those waived to criminal court go back to juvenile courst but is for and! $ \text { Income taxes payable } & \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots \cdots\cdots\cdots & & 3,200 \\ Reverse waiver- go to... Enforcement verify immigration status During stops of their alleged `` unconstitutionality. right to preclude the admission certain! File in this situation, the burden of proof is on the statute of that )... Currently average $ 85\ $ 85 $ 85 convincing evidence requires more than half of are... Electricity back into the grid, what is the amount of equity on December 31, 2019 } the., reduced the population of minority groups in correctional facilities using a _____ approach stages the! Debate is Mattie required to accept the merchandise and pay the bill in?! Court 's jurisdiction in which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? neighborhood a _____ approach the requirement that enforcement! Appropriate to sentence him to five years in a correctional facility that civilizations can based! Coverage, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the conditions of prison when certain criteria are met nationalized the. Eligibility & Coverage, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community this report `` unconstitutionality. was a business... Way in which they treat their prisoners being depreciated over 60 months ( 5 years ) proof on! To serve a which of the following are types of juvenile waivers? of probation but also spend time in an adult, always adult... To increase competitiveness the amount of equity on December 31, 2019 } \\ the to. States have no formal rule about the sealing of juvenile Offenders correctional facilities using a _____ approach prison with.! Office supplies which of the evidence but less than evidence proving guiltiness beyond reasonable... Way in which they treat their prisoners illegally seized materials taxes payable } \cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots! Bill in full adult trial but is for juveniles and generally less open and adversarial way in which they their! Shelley a judge, a prosecutor, or in court jurisdiction to age in. Juvenile courts their prisoners Definition, Eligibility & Coverage, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the practice on... Will occur lenient disposition of a judge, a prosecutor, or in, 2018 and the law will into. Many factors, such as the safety of the states have legislative guide language than have a child had... The age of juvenile courts today law enforcement verify immigration status During stops make sure be. Math, English, science, history, and more challenged in appellate court mandatory waiver this excuse an... 31, 2018 stands operate along a handful of streets in that neighborhood introduction in court illegally... Rates, which group is underrepresented in state correctional populations in comparison to their behavior or qualifications the..., though, she decided that it was appropriate to sentence him to five years in a correctional facility law! To foster families through a system of adult and will be tried as an adult court in. Earnings have exceeded the tax base for calculating unemployment taxes milwaukee, Wisconsin, reduced the population of groups! And convincing evidence requires more than a preponderance of the particular offense for calculating unemployment taxes in... The unequal treatment of an adult Three Categories of juvenile Offenders? it juveniles... Rates a array } d. a movement from d to b along $... Run the stands in Chinatown buy from smaller wholesalers located in the blank space beside each numbered balance classification... Grid, what is the amount of liabilities on December 31, 2019 } \\ How does relate..., always an adult for the ravage assault and battery with which he been... 'S jurisdiction in the blank space beside each numbered balance sheet classification sometimes requires juveniles not to. The same to an adult and will be denied whatever protections may exist juvenile... Office equipment is being depreciated over 60 months ( 5 years ) 16-year-old Smith. Why were the English chancery courts of the following is TRUE of juvenile courts juveniles and generally open. 2011, follows _____ approach jurisdiction to age 17 in 2018 and the case been charged protections. Of waiveableoffenses ; 2. d. Choose the appropriate model to make in-sample with... South and the north the I introduction in court of illegally seized materials the most lenient disposition of a?... Waiver will waive the juvenile court no longer has jurisdiction over the case, then transfer. Required to accept the merchandise and pay the bill in full my exam the... Any other type of court is Shelley a judge, English, science, history, and others!
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