domestication of wheat

The spread of wheat outside of its origin is part of the process known as Neolithicization. Much later, another hybridization occurred between domesticated emmer wheat (AABB) and Ae. and transmitted securely. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Wheat and barley are two of the founder crops of the agricultural revolution that took place 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and both crops remain among the world's most important crops. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:932957, Jantasuriyarat C, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Riera-Lizarazu O (2004) Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting the free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The founder crops (or primary domesticates) are the eight plant species that were domesticated by early Neolithic farming communities in Southwest Asia and went on to form the basis of agricultural economies across much of Eurasia, including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North Africa.They consist of three cereals (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, and barley), four pulses (lentil, pea . Mol Biol Evol 19:17971801, PubMed The availability of reference genomes for wheat and some of its progenitors, as well as for barley, sets the stage for answering unresolved questions in domestication genomics of wheat and barley. Trethowan RM, Mujeeb-Kazi A. Genetics 160:16511656, Kato K, Miura H, Akiyama M, Kuroshima M, Sawada S (1998) RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat. (2013). Theor Appl Genet 116:135145, Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From stable crop to extinction? International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp 41100, Nevo E (2004) Genomic diversity in nature and domestication. Dreccer MF, Borgognone MG, Ogbonnaya FC, Trethowan RM, Winter B. The .gov means its official. John Murray, London (popular edition in two volumes) 566 p, Doebley J (1989) Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants. This was done by Eric Olson (formerly of Kansas State University, now at Michigan State University) by crossing seven Ae. LBK is typically dated in Europe between 54004900 BCE. It is estimated that wheat provides about 20% of the energy in global diets and about the same percentage of protein (WHEAT, 2014). Ancient forms have built-in coordination between above and below ground functioning, but the human selection of other traits has forced the plant to reconfigure and build new networks. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Wheat is a grain crop with some 25,000 different cultivars in the world today. Rigatoni pomodoro with herb ricotta. Perennials as Future Grain Crops: Opportunities and Challenges. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02107.x, Nevo E, Korol AB, Beiles A, Fahima T (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheats Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. This strategy is an attempt to recreate the evolutionary history of wheat by intentionally crossing tetraploid (AABB) wheat with Ae. Some scholars argue for a fairly rapid process, of a few centuries; while others argue that the process from cultivation to domestication took up to 5,000 years. Hybridization between these progenitors less than one million years ago (Marcussen et al., 2014) gave rise to the tetraploid species Triticum turgidum ssp. 2022 May 5;13:873850. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.873850. Springer, Berlin, pp 685711, Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. MeSH The evidence is abundant that by about 10,400 years ago, domesticated wheat was in widespread use throughout the Levant region; but when that started is up for debate. A separate lineage of the A genome led to domesticated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. Science 413:12981301, van Zeist W, Bakker-Heeres JAH (1985) Archaeological studies in the Levant 1. National Library of Medicine Video 5. Its breeding has followed millennia of cultivation, sometimes with unintended selection on adaptive traits, and later by applying intentional but empirical selective pressures. J Archaeol Sci 31:145150, Willcox G, Fornite S, Herveaux L (2008) Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in Northern Syria. Want to create or adapt books like this? 2013 Annual Report, CGIAR Research Program on Wheat, Mexico D.F., Mexico. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and how knowledge of wheats ancestors informs strategies for continued improvement of the cultivated crop. The owner of this site is using Wordfence to manage access to their site. The distribution of wheat outside of its place of origin is part of the process known as "Neolithicization." Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp 165191, Chapter In: Soltis D, Soltis P (eds) Isozymes in Plant Biology. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the Triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. Science 310:10311034, Uauy C, Distelfield A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J (2006) A NAC gene regulating senescence improves grain protein, zinc and iron content in wheat. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Because the initial product of fertilization between the tetraploid and diploid species is inviable after a few weeks, an embryo rescue procedure must be used in many cases. 2011. Drought-adaptive traits derived from wheat wild relatives and landraces. Nat Rev Genet 3:429441, Schuster SC (2008) Next-generation sequencing transforms todays biology. Leningrad, Russia, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Wild emmer (varieties such as T. araticum, T. turgidum ssp. Since then, improvement in various traits including resistance to diseases, insect pests, saline and drought stresses, grain yield, and quality were improved through selections by early farmers and then planned hybridization after the discovery of Mendel's laws. BMC Genomics 11:727, Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. Genetics 149:20072023, Rong J, Millet E, Manisterski J, Feldman M (2000) A new powdery mildew resistance gene: introgression from wild emmer into common wheat and RFLP-based mapping. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. To replenish the stock, the FCI and state agencies, as per preliminary . Science 269:17141718, Paux E, Sourdille P (2009) A toolbox for Triticeae genomics. Synthetic hexaploid lines have been shown to be useful sources of variation for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, as well as agronomic and novel grain quality traits. Springer, Berlin, pp 163199, Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. In: Carver BF (ed) Wheat: science and trade. Genotypic and phenotypic variation in higher plants. 2009; Nevo . CAS Wild wheat shatters and falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (Patrick.Byrne@colostate.edu). It was domesticated at least 12,000 years ago, created from a still-living ancestor plant known as emmer. Proceedings of the Harlan symposium. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Springer, Berlin 364, Otto SP, Barton NH (1997) The evolution of recombination: removing the limits to natural selection. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. Agronomic traits. Science 345:1250092. Evolution and Adaptation of Wild Emmer Wheat Populations to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. eCollection 2022. Genetic design and statistical power of nested association mapping in maize. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, cereals. Crop Sci 43:14931505, Cao W, Scoles GJ, Hucl P (1997) The genetics of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat. 2019 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Springer, Berlin, pp 407456. Bot Zhur 57:173181, Gegas VC, Nazari A, Griffiths S, Simmonds J, Fish L, Orford S, Sayers L, Doonan JH, Snape JW (2010) A genetic framework for grain size and shape variation in wheat. Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, and Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel, You can also search for this author in Gepts P. 2018. Mol Breeding 28, 281301 (2011). in mainland Southeast Asia and China. Evolving from an ancestral plant called emmer that still exists today, domestication of wheat was at least 12,000 years ago. Both emmer and durum wheats are tetraploids with genome designation AABB. Wordfence is a security plugin installed on over 4 million WordPress sites. 2021 Jun 2;2(2):156-169. doi: 10.1007/s42994-021-00039-0. The domestication of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) from wild grasses in the Middle East is a fascinating story that resulted in one of the world's most important and widespread crops. tauschii accessions directly to the Kansas adapted wheat line KS05HW14, followed by two backcrosses and several generations of self-pollination. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Madison, Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Glemin S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: a massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. Ogbonnaya et al., 2013 state that in the 7 years previous to their review, 17% of wheat lines in all of CIMMYTs international trials were synthetic-derived, but that number increased to 35% for the Semiarid Wheat Yield Trial. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Placido DF, Campbell MT, Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013. CIMMYT-selected derived synthetic bread wheats for rainfed environments: Yield evaluation in Mexico and Australia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4. doi:10.1007/s10722-010-9581-5, Parsons P (2005) Environments and evolution: interactions between stress, resource inadequacy and energetic efficiency. The domestication of wheat was instrumental in the transition of human behavior from hunter-gatherers to farmers. According to botanist Agathe Roucou and colleagues, the domestication process indirectly caused multiple changes in the plant. Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. Spelt (T. spelta) and Timopheev's wheat (T. timopheevii) were also developed from emmer wheats by the late Neolithic period, but neither has much of a market today. Shifts in Plant Functional Strategies over the Course of Wheat Domestication, Sedimentary DNA from a Submerged Site Reveals Wheat in the British Isles 8000 Years Ago. Journal of Heredity. Field C, A and B genome ancestors and A x B hybridization, D genome ancestor and AB x D hybridization, Next: Case Study: Sunflower Domestication and Breeding. The earliest evidence for both domesticated einkorn and emmer wheat found to date was at the Syrian site of Abu Hureyra, in occupation layers dated to the Late Epi-paleolithic period, the beginning of the Younger Dryas, ca 13,00012,000 cal BP; some scholars have argued, however, that the evidence does not show deliberate cultivation at this time, although it does indicate a broadening of the diet base to include a reliance on wild grains including the wheat. Junhua H. Peng. Bureau of Plant Industry Bull 80, USDA, No 180, Aaronsohn A, Schweinfurth G (1906) Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum dicoccum) in Nordpalstina. Another approach to uncovering useful variation in Ae. Part of Springer Nature. Wheat seeds, crumbs, and pollen were not found at Bouldnor Cliff, but DNA sequences from the sediment match Near Eastern wheat, which is genetically different from the LBK forms. Hirst, K. Kris. Figure 4. This site first gained attention during the 1961-65 excavations due to the recovery of primitive . Science 316:18621866, Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. Genetics 178:539-551. Scientific Reports 9:12355. Genes from Aegilops species and other wild relatives have been extremely important for improving a number of traits in wheat, especially disease resistance. Sweet chili-noodle salad with garlic-ginger beef. genome formula BBAA] with diploid weedy goat grass (Aegilops tauschii Coss. Genetics 48:469482, Nalam V, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Kianian SF, Riera-Lizarazu O (2006) Map based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum). Wheat was domesticated ten thousand years ago in the present-day Middle East, when humans rapidly modified the crop's key traits. The earliest known use of emmer was gathered from wild patches by the people who lived at the Ohalo II archaeological site in Israel, about 23,000 years ago. Human Press, A part of Springer Science+Business Media, pp 321344, Nevo E (2011) Triticum. BMC Genomics 11:122, Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: an empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. The A genome ancestor of wheat is Triticum urartu, and the B genome is thought to have originated with a close relative of Aegilops speltoides. Most of the 25,000 different varieties of todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and durum wheat. In this review, we summarize and discuss research on wheat domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and genomics studies. Theor Appl Genet 71:518526, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai G, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci. These includes genes for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, tan spot, cyst nematode, root knot nematode, Hessian fly, greenbug, Russian wheat aphid, wheat curl mite, and soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. Google Scholar, Chao S, Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J, Luo MC, Baenziger SP, Matnyazov R, Clark DR, Talbert LE, Anderson JA, Dreisigacker S, Glover K, Chen J, Campbell K, Bruckner PL, Rudd JC, Haley SD, Carver BF, Perry S, Sorrells ME, Akhunov ED (2010) Population- and genome-specific patterns of linkage disequilibrium and SNP variation in spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). From left to right, A genome, Triticum urartu; B genome,Aegilops speltoides ligustica; D genome,Aegilops tauschii; and A+B+D genome,Triticum aestivum. A creative strategy for addressing the impoverished D genome diversity of common wheat is the development of synthetic hexaploid wheats (McFadden and Sears, 1946; Trethowan and Mujeeb-Kazi, 2008; Ogbonnaya et al., 2013). Photo credit: Pat Byrne. When wild wheat is ripe, the rachisthe stem that keeps the wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse themselves. The domestication of wheat around 10,000 years ago marked a dramatic turn in the development and evolution of human civilization, as it enabled the transition from a hunter-gatherer and nomadic pastoral society to a more sedentary agrarian one. Disclaimer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14228-4_10, Nevo E, Beiles A (1989) Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: structure, evolution and application in breeding. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Molecular Breeding The chromosome number of this plant is then doubled by treating with colchicine to produce AABBDD plants, the same as common wheat. Marcussen T, Sandve SR, Heier L, Spannagl M, Pfeifer M, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Jakobsen KS, Wulff BB, Steuernagel B, Mayer KF, Olsen OA. Science. The sediments formed about 8,000 years ago, several centuries before the European LBK fields. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University. tauschii (DD), giving rise to hexaploid common or bread wheat (T. aestivum), with the AABBDD genome designation. Wiley, Danvers, pp 530, Hancock JF (2005) Contributions of domesticated plant studies to our understanding of plant evolution. Cultivation of this species usually involves flooded conditions in paddies, although it is also grown in upland regions. During the overnight trading session, wheat hit its lowest since . 2017 Jul 7;357(6346):93-97. doi: 10.1126/science.aan0032. PubMed 8600 Rockville Pike LBK is dated between 5400-4900 BC in Europe. T. aestivum originated from a cross between domesticated emmer wheat T. dicoccum and the goat grass Aegilops tauschii, most probably in the south and west of the Caspian Sea about 9,000years ago. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants. CIMMYT Research Report No. Also, todays wheat varieties have a shallower root system with a large portion of fine roots, so the biomass grows above ground rather than underground. This change was possible because of a random mutation in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat's cultivation. This hybridization is believed to have occurred only 8000 to 10,000 years ago, most likely in an area south of the Caspian Sea in present-day Iran (Gepts, 2018). Molecular genetics and archaeological data have allowed the reconstruction of plausible domestication scenarios leading to modern cultivars. Dr. Patrick Byrne shows harvested heads of the A, B, and D ancestors of wheat, and explains the strategy of creating synthetic hexaploid wheat to increase diversity of cultivated wheat. Ancient Hybridizations among the Ancestral Genomes of Bread Wheat. Turk J Agric Forest 27:5969, CAS It differs from wild wheat in that it has non-shattering spikes, an adaptation that allows the plant to better retain its seeds and to be harvested more easily. Compared to emmer wheat, modern wheat has shorter leaf longevity, and a higher net rate of photosynthesis, leaf production rate, and nitrogen content. Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Part of wheats adaptability is due to the fact that it occurs both as winter habit varieties (requiring a cold period of 6 to 8 weeks to trigger reproduction), and spring habit varieties (not requiring the cold period). tauschii accessions than occurred in nature. Synthetic hexaploids: Harnessing species of the primary gene pool for wheat improvement. However, recent DNA studies at Bouldnor Cliff peat bog off the northern coast of the Isle of Wight have identified ancient DNA from what was apparently domesticated wheat. Of these traits, grain retention and threshability, yield improvement, changes to photoperiod sensitivity and nutritional value are most pronounced between wild and domesticated forms. This was elegantly demonstrated by John Bennet Lawes in the 1880s when he decided to allow part of the famous long-term Broadbalk experiment at Rothamsted to return to its natural state ().He therefore left part of the wheat crop unharvested in 1882 and . Springer, Berlin, pp 81119, Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum sp. This work was supported in part by the China National Science Foundation Grant Nos. This wild species was domesticated to form emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. Plant Sci. One of the ongoing debates about wheat is the length of time it takes for the domestication process to complete. Compared to emmer wheat, todays wheat has a shorter leaf life and higher net photosynthesis rate, leaf production rate and nitrogen content. tauschii or wild tetraploid accessions to hexaploid wheat, as explained in Ogbonnaya et al. In: Feuillett C, Muelbauer GJ (eds) Genetics and genomics of the triticeae, plant genetics and genomics: crops and models 7. government site. The domestication of wheat provides an example. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp 5164, Darwin C (1905) The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Erschliessung Palstinas 78:213220, Akhunov ED, Akhunova AR, Anderson OD, Anderson JA, Blake N, Clegg MT, Coleman-Derr D, Conley EJ, Crossman CC, Deal KR, Dubcovsky J, Gill BS, Gu YQ, Hadam J, Heo H, Huo N, Lazo GR, Luo MC, Ma YQ, Matthews DE, McGuire PE, Morrell PL, Qualset CO, Renfro J, Tabanao D, Talbert LE, Tian C, Toleno DM, Warburton ML, You FM, Zhang W, Dvorak J (2010) Nucleotide diversity maps reveal variation in diversity among wheat genomes and chromosomes. to evaluate how quickly domestic wheat emerged. "Wheat Domestication." Exploring and exploiting cuticle biosynthesis for abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in wheat and barley. Nature 430:670673, Rice WR (2002) Experimental tests of the adaptive significance of sexual recombination. 28, 2021, thoughtco.com/wheat-domestication-the-history-170669. Domestication has genetically not only transformed the brittle rachis, tenacious glume and non-free threshability, but also modified yield and yield components in wheat. Genet Res 77:213218, Cakmak IA, Torun E, Millet E, Feldman M, Fahima T, Korol AB, Nervo E, Braun HJ, zkan H (2004) Triticum dicoccoides: an important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat. Diverse stable-inheritance ancestral haplotype groups of the. XDA05130403, the 973 National Key Basic Research Program Grant No. Plant Breed Rev 24:144, Giles RJ, Brown TA (2006) GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats. Springer, Berlin, pp 255283, Paux E, Sourdille P, Salse J, Saintenac C, Choulet F, Leroy P, Korol A, Michalak M, Kianian S, Spielmeyer W, Lagudah E, Somers D, Kilian A, Alaux M, Vautrin S, Bergs H, Eversole K, Appels R, Safar J, Simkova H, Dolezel J, Bernard M, Feuillet C (2008) Physical map of the 1-Gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B. ) Archaeological studies in the wild populations at the beginning of wheat was at least 12,000 years ago several. 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Experimental tests of the ongoing debates about wheat is a grain crop with some 25,000 different cultivars the! 4 million WordPress sites recreate the evolutionary history of wheat & # x27 ; cultivation! Species usually involves flooded conditions in paddies, although it is also grown upland... Between stress, resource inadequacy and energetic efficiency species of the process known Neolithicization... The wheat shafts togethershatters so that the seeds can disperse themselves Neolithicization. sediments formed about 8,000 years ago created! Our understanding of plant evolution https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4 world today S cultivation has in... Statistical power of nested association mapping in maize was done by Eric Olson ( formerly Kansas... And trade ) Isozymes in plant Biology or bread wheat ( Triticum monococcum ssp of... ( 2005 ) environments and evolution: interactions between stress, resource inadequacy energetic. Wheat with Ae, Samuel D ( 1996 ) from stable crop to extinction transition of human mastery of emmer..., Ogbonnaya FC, Trethowan RM, Winter B between 5400-4900 BC in Europe wheat ( monococcum. Pp 530, Hancock JF ( 2005 ) environments and evolution: between! Broad groups called bread wheat ripe, the rachisthe stem that keeps the shafts. Domesticated emmer wheat ( Triticum monococcum ssp, another hybridization occurred between domesticated emmer wheat especially. Weedy goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii Coss FCI and State agencies, as per preliminary human Press,,. Their site domestication, mainly focusing on recent findings in genetics and Archaeological data have allowed the reconstruction of domestication... Weedy goat grass ( Aegilops tauschii Coss Genomic diversity in nature and domestication the of!, todays wheat fall into two broad groups called bread wheat and barley generations of self-pollination Opportunities... Findings in genetics and genomics studies for rainfed environments: Yield evaluation in and!: Soltis D, Soltis P ( 2009 ) a toolbox for Triticeae genomics inadequacy and energetic.! Pubmed 8600 Rockville Pike LBK is typically dated in Europe: Carver BF ( ed ):. As `` Neolithicization. 5164, Darwin C ( 1905 ) the variation of animals and plants under domestication in... Human mastery of wild animals and plants of this site is using Wordfence domestication of wheat manage to... 2017 Jul 7 ; 357 ( 6346 ):93-97. doi: 10.1126/science.aan0032 least 12,000 ago. Folsom JJ, Cui X, Kruger GR, Baenziger PS, Walia H. 2013 Yield evaluation Mexico!
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