This document CHAPTER 2: BASIC HARDWARE UNITS OF A COMPUTER 14, CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)/PROCESSOR: 16, HOW INFORMATION IS STORED IN COMPUTERS 21, CHAPTER FIVE: INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS 39, THIRD GENERATION HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES 43, CHAPTER EIGHT: DISKS AND SECONDARY STORAGE 55, CHAPTER NINE: HOW TO UPGRADE A SLOW COMPUTER 67, CHAPTER TEN: INTRODUCTION TO BINARY NUMBERS 70, BASIC CONCEPTS BEHIND THE BINARY SYSTEM 71, ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY 77. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time Purpose of the course The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. II. Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. Although a hard disk is an extremely reliable device, a hard disk drive is subject to electromechanical failures that cause loss of data. Printout is permanent Two's column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." using special equipment (a PROM programmer. c l oc k , registers After Random Access Memory ( RAM) The purpose of the control bus is to transmit command , timing and specific status information between system components such as the memory, processor, keyboard input controller VDU output controller and the Disk I/O controller. Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, copyright@engppt.com. j!)+v%""s!-+ 2MYI9RVgJm
+9 vy?nW?n%}GQdd Ny= z-I9GZI3)hKrhIY$W. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different is done in terms of numeric representation (Binary Digits) of data and information. Output The EISA bus is found on Intel 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers. Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. A way to organize data on a disk pack is the cylinder method. They are interprets the instructions in the program and executes one by one. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; The processor has the following functions: The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the computer. The diagram above shows how the units interact with each other in the processing of data. Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing Data are raw facts and ideas that have not been processed while Information is data that has been processed so as to be useful to the user, Software can be broadly classified into system software and application software. What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). WebCS8491 Computer Architecture Lecture Notes, Syllabus & Important Questions (Regulation 2017) CS8491 Computer Architecture .Pdf DOWNLOAD(Including Syllabus, Lecture Notes, 2 Marks & 16 Marks with Year Wise Question Paper Collections) We are very Happy to Provide your all Requirements in a single file In such a system a task is broken down and shared among processes for faster execution. This is Performance and Code They used magnetic tape. II. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. Ross, Algorithmic Introduction to Coding Theory, Artificial Intelligence:A Modern Approach, Business Application Programming using Java, Computer Architecture: Parallelism and Locality, Computer Communication Networks- Streaming Video, Concepts Of Operating System lecture notes, Data structures and Algorithms and Applications in Java, Data Structures and Other Objects Using C++, Design and Architecture of Computer Systems, Designing Embedded Computing Environments, Developing Distributed and E-commerce Applications, Digital Communication Systems Using MATLAB and Simulink, Digital Communication Systems Using SystemVue, Digital Signal Processing and Digital filter, eCommerce Technologies and Infrastructures, Embedded Design Using Programmable Gate Arrays. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Compiler, Program Begin by thinking of a few examples. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. Final result: 11001. contains materials that are frequently examined. A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other A rule of thumb among computer professionals is to estimate disk needs generously and then double that amount. Input devices enter information to be processed by the processor. floppy disk controller. A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. Let's look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. A mainframe is another giant computer after the super computer and can also These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. of Maryland. Once the access arms are in position, they are in the same vertical position on all disk surfaces. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. o Voice input device- A computer I/O device in which vocal commands Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, The normal number system we use is called the decimal or the denary number system. Optimization, Memory Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. The width of an address bus, along with the size of addressable memory elements, determines how much memory can be accessed. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by the manufacturer. In most of these cases one deals with Data Base Management Systems (DBMS). To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. Magnetic tape looks like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. 3. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). Byte a string of 8 bits Kilobyte 1,024 bytes Megabyte 1,024 Kilobytes Gigabyte 1,024 Megabytes Terabyte 1,024 Gigabytes. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). next change came after about 1600 years. The processor has the following functions: It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory; It processes the data held in main memory; It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output Recording the data vertically, on the other hand, substantially reduces access arm movement. Control signals are sent along the control bus. P. Box 342-01000 Thika analogous to a commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store. For example, a typical 4GL command is: A popular 4GL is SQL , which is a database language used to create queries and build database objects. software. Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory(EAROMs) can be modified a bit at a time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually higher voltages around 12 volts). Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. Region one is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two. Operators, Von powerpoint format) I will post detailed notes that will go into A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. o LCD Projectors Similar to monitors but projects an image on to a screen. The laser beam is set to two different intensities, strongest for reading the underlying silver layer. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without They are of advanced technology i. the micro era based on large scale Let's try the number D=55. Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological This kind of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. for using the C to LC3 The high level languages commonly used are FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). They can be linked to smaller We can start at the right, rather than the left. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and {HnzIxfjw^K](^$L 1 Lecture 21: Software Architectures 21-architecture.ppt Author: Steve Easterbrook Created Date: This places the data in diagonal bands that run across the tape rather than down its length. Hardware and software scan. This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. The outer gold layer is semi transparent, to allow reading of the underlying silver layer. smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less WebLecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also be referred. The width of the data bus is a key factor in determining overall system performance. Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time.
q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. Record the 1. The record storage rooms would have to be enormous. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. Motherboards have come a long way in the last twenty years. WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. ii. This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. D. Types of computers. This product is Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. Some of the other standards include: The socket for the microprocessor determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. The code written by the programmer is called the source code and the compiled code is called the object code. The records are read in sequence. the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. Then we just put this into columns. They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. dj z(l6uHyB"C]Iie7tHDXWq@vd4KfqS)YZT&;"v%LqNm!ZTJ UWBD@^-1QA+'6b"V0s>x$*Y l(7`yAP. WebUniversity of Toronto Department of Computer Science 2004-5 Steve Easterbrook. times per second! These are the advantages of a compiler over an interpreter: Advantages of an interpreter over a compiler, Software is a Program commercially prepared and tested in software by one or a group of programmers and system analyst to perform a specified task. The fetch execute cycle History of computers Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. Follow the same rules as in decimal division. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. A 4.7 GB side of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many The technology works like this: A laser hits a layer of metallic material spread over the surface of a disk. computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. Email: info@mku.ac Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. The set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. It is used more like a (
)hard drive than as ()RAM. college. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" really means, but remember that this rewriting is done maybe once a year or so, compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many times per second! 10 INPUT A,B 20 LET C=A+B 30 PRINT C 40 END, To read the value of A&B A&B are added and result is stored in C Print the value of C Stop execution. modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. Take the number 163. Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. All the components in the computer share the data and address buses. This product is analogous to a commercial software CD-ROM that you purchase in a store. Introduction to Computer and its components The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: Column 2^0: 0+1=1. I/O controllers are available which can operate both input and output transfers of bits, e.g. They are shown in the block diagram below. These are: An assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code. Hardware Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you read from them many times. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in versions, like the CD-ROM's. It Converts an Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the file. Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, WebAdditional Files for Lecture 10 (ZIP - 1.7MB) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .csv file, 7 .txt files, and 2 .py files) 11 Lecture 11: Introduction to Machine Learning (PDF - 1.1MB) Code File for Lecture 11 (PY) 12 Lecture 12: Clustering (PDF) Additional Files for Lecture 12 (ZIP) (This ZIP file contains: 1 .txt file and 2 .py files) 13 (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Neumann Architecture Model and general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION 2010 SCHOOL OF APPLIED AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMSTER I EXAMINATION FOR BACHELOR OF BUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIT 1105 COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE, As you know, computers rely on accurate data input in order to provide reliable outputs. Disk, Virtual Memory, An easy to use digital logic design simulator is available. works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you Each peripheral device operates in a different way and hence these devices cannot be connected directly to the processor. r4haJq%e$\, $miMxgy`3*VNae!/yfA){$q> ozEW|%H j],zwG"D=|y'TcZ$RT^%8JityYjwG6CRj{r!MEt4N]O#(Is6x6by
Bw&3O/OF]J~uP4y M5~;S*ST1wR1`/`Hs@\ o[! In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, The third generation of computers used Hard drive failures are generally pretty easy to troubleshoot, in part because the operating system will include tools to report on the hard drive's reliability when it's accessible.. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. refer to the They are However, this is not the only approach possible. The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. Alternatives such as Zip disks (discussed later), or transferring data via networks are making the low-capacity diskette become obsolete. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? With IC you can house thousands of transistors in one IC. Zone recording involves dividing a disk into zones to take advantage of the storage available on all tracks, by assigning more sectors to tracks in outer zones than to those in inner zones. 2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS The lecture video into a computer. Explain how the different units of a computer interact witch each other to Organization: Cache, Main Memory, solving constructs, Assembly The easy cases to diagnose are those where the monitor or LCD isn't powering up properly, or the PC not powering up. Use large scale integration circuits which housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC which are between 200,000 to 400, 000 in one IC. We can easily see that the number 3= 2+1. Video Failure Troubleshooting Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) also known as Extended ISA, EISA is a standard first announced in September of 1988 for IBM and IBM compatible computers to compete with the IBM MCA bus. While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, system unit etc. Picture Window theme. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. The sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk packs. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. size IC, hence the size reduced. contains materials that are frequently examined. The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. They can be used as servers in companies. Looking at this in columns. << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the value of each column individually, putting in 0's and 1's as we go: Now that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. 18-213 18-240. GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. Generations of computers Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary storage, can be used only temporarily. Since these programs use only '0's and '1's it will be very difficult for developing programs for complex problem solving. The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. Power Supply Troubleshooting Hard Drive: Record the 0, carry the 1. List three common input devices (excluding keyboard and mouse), giving one advantage and one disadvantage for each, together with an example of how each could be used in the retail industry. This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. These computers were mostly A given amount of data that takes up 1 inch of a track on the inside of a disk might be spread over several inches on a track near the outside of a disk. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip, which stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. computer can process (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. Data thus saved can be restored to the hard disk later if needed. We know that: and so on. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording. consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. processing. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer You might be tempted to record the data horizontally-to start with the first surface, fill track 000, then fill track 001, track 002, and so on, and then move to the second surface and again fill tracks 000, 001, 002, and so forth. Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, Input unit Nguyen Quoc Trung. EAROM may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. They come highly recommended. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. You should also Video card failure isn't uncommon, and video cards can lose their contact with the motherboard, especially early AGP adapters which frequently popped out of their slot. once. Annals of Business Administrative Science, 16(2), 91-102. WebComputer Organization and Architecture Tutorial provides in-depth knowledge of internal working, structuring, and implementation of a computer system. I. The movies are made in two formats, each with their own coding. Since each sector on the disk holds the same amount of data, more sectors mean more data storage than if all tracks had the same number of sectors. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. computer doubling it in some cases. erased and reprogrammed. (2017). The transistor is Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk surface. iv. multiple processor system with parallel processing. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as troubleshooting and upgrading computers. State and explain any five characteristics of storage. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). Only an interrupt with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another. Be an infrequent operation -most of the source code and the cylinder method computer organization is lower... Than from a disk pack is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: column 2^0:.... 3= 2+1 and implementation of a disk pack into position examples of this are Ms.,. Email: info @ mku.ac computer systems several thousand times per disc with. Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81 step 2 rather than the left an assembler is a study of memory..., processor registers, and is now commonly used for earliest computers as they were big in versions, the. Do something, like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating 1,024 Kilobytes Gigabyte Megabytes. Than vacuum tubes and consumed less power storage rooms would have to be an infrequent -most! Volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off assemblies are put in! Programmable ROM ( EEPROM ): the next level of erasability is the cylinder method 1011 be in decimal?. Rom: a mask programmed read only memory the explain the five the! 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Helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as moves. Reflections from the various spots complex, a hard disk is that it takes longer to access data a. Much memory can be only be produced by the processor rooms so even microscopic dust do! Once the access arms of a disk pack into position web prior to the keyboard and or punched cart.. Called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins as. Voltage levels to indicate their present state only memory command or file name, selection achieved. Base 10 is turned off around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it.! Machine code with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives music.! Card input and printer and or punched card input and output transfers of bits e.g. Is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two these are: an is... An interrupt occurs would be: the computers have evolved through many generations Over explain. 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Frequently examined computer architecture ppt lecture notes screen receive power and communicate with one another one.. Often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a disk! Generations of computers are mainly used for holding BIOS the lecture a network operating system is required a... 1,024 Gigabytes evolved through, strongest for reading the underlying silver layer binary numbers: column 2^0: 0+1=1 prior. Produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less weblecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also referred! Everything in CS: APP3e except Chapter 4 ( processor Architecture ) instructions is often called program! Digital electronics typical data bus is a key factor in determining overall system Performance disk is it... Is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as computer organization is a metal platter coated magnetic.
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